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Two-phased Canary Rollout with Open Source Gloo

Wednesday, April 22, 2020

Author: Rick Ducott | GitHub | Twitter

Every day, my colleagues and I are talking to platform owners, architects, and engineers who are using Gloo as an API gateway to expose their applications to end users. These applications may span legacy monoliths, microservices, managed cloud services, and Kubernetes clusters. Fortunately, Gloo makes it easy to set up routes to manage, secure, and observe application traffic while supporting a flexible deployment architecture to meet the varying production needs of our users.

Beyond the initial set up, platform owners frequently ask us to help design the operational workflows within their organization: How do we bring a new application online? How do we upgrade an application? How do we divide responsibilities across our platform, ops, and development teams?

In this post, we're going to use Gloo to design a two-phased canary rollout workflow for application upgrades:

In the first phase, we'll do canary testing by shifting a small subset of traffic to the new version. This allows you to safely perform smoke and correctness tests.
In the second phase, we'll progressively shift traffic to the new version, allowing us to monitor the new version under load, and eventually, decommission the old version.

To keep it simple, we're going to focus on designing the workflow using open source Gloo, and we're going to deploy the gateway and application to Kubernetes. At the end, we'll talk about a few extensions and advanced topics that could be interesting to explore in a follow up.

Initial setup

To start, we need a Kubernetes cluster. This example doesn't take advantage of any cloud specific features, and can be run against a local test cluster such as minikube. This post assumes a basic understanding of Kubernetes and how to interact with it using kubectl.

We'll install the latest open source Gloo to the gloo-system namespace and deploy version v1 of an example application to the echo namespace. We'll expose this application outside the cluster by creating a route in Gloo, to end up with a picture like this:

Setup

Deploying Gloo

We'll install gloo with the glooctl command line tool, which we can download and add to the PATH with the following commands:

curl -sL https://run.solo.io/gloo/install | sh
export PATH=$HOME/.gloo/bin:$PATH

Now, you should be able to run glooctl version to see that it is installed correctly:

➜ glooctl version
Client: {"version":"1.3.15"}
Server: version undefined, could not find any version of gloo running

Now we can install the gateway to our cluster with a simple command:

glooctl install gateway

The console should indicate the install finishes successfully:

Creating namespace gloo-system... Done.
Starting Gloo installation...

Gloo was successfully installed!

Before long, we can see all the Gloo pods running in the gloo-system namespace:

➜ kubectl get pod -n gloo-system
NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
discovery-58f8856bd7-4fftg       1/1     Running   0          13s
gateway-66f86bc8b4-n5crc         1/1     Running   0          13s
gateway-proxy-5ff99b8679-tbp65   1/1     Running   0          13s
gloo-66b8dc8868-z5c6r            1/1     Running   0          13s

Deploying the application

Our echo application is a simple container (thanks to our friends at HashiCorp) that will respond with the application version, to help demonstrate our canary workflows as we start testing and shifting traffic to a v2 version of the application.

Kubernetes gives us a lot of flexibility in terms of modeling this application. We'll adopt the following conventions:

We'll include the version in the deployment name so we can run two versions of the application side-by-side and manage their lifecycle differently.
We'll label pods with an app label (app: echo) and a version label (version: v1) to help with our canary rollout.
We'll deploy a single Kubernetes Service for the application to set up networking. Instead of updating this or using multiple services to manage routing to different versions, we'll manage the rollout with Gloo configuration.

The following is our v1 echo application:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: echo-v1
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: echo
      version: v1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: echo
        version: v1
    spec:
      containers:
        # Shout out to our friends at Hashi for this useful test server
        - image: hashicorp/http-echo
          args:
            - "-text=version:v1"
            - -listen=:8080
          imagePullPolicy: Always
          name: echo-v1
          ports:
            - containerPort: 8080

And here is the echo Kubernetes Service object:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: echo
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 80
      targetPort: 8080
      protocol: TCP
  selector:
    app: echo

For convenience, we've published this yaml in a repo so we can deploy it with the following command:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/solo-io/gloo-ref-arch/blog-30-mar-20/platform/prog-delivery/two-phased-with-os-gloo/1-setup/echo.yaml

We should see the following output:

namespace/echo created
deployment.apps/echo-v1 created
service/echo created

And we should be able to see all the resources healthy in the echo namespace:

➜ kubectl get all -n echo
NAME                           READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/echo-v1-66dbfffb79-287s5   1/1     Running   0          6s

NAME           TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
service/echo   ClusterIP   10.55.252.216   <none>        80/TCP    6s

NAME                      READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
deployment.apps/echo-v1   1/1     1            1           7s

NAME                                 DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE
replicaset.apps/echo-v1-66dbfffb79   1         1         1       7s

Exposing outside the cluster with Gloo

We can now expose this service outside the cluster with Gloo. First, we'll model the application as a Gloo Upstream, which is Gloo's abstraction for a traffic destination:

apiVersion: gloo.solo.io/v1
kind: Upstream
metadata:
  name: echo
  namespace: gloo-system
spec:
  kube:
    selector:
      app: echo
    serviceName: echo
    serviceNamespace: echo
    servicePort: 8080
    subsetSpec:
      selectors:
        - keys:
            - version

Here, we're setting up subsets based on the version label. We don't have to use this in our routes, but later we'll start to use it to support our canary workflow.

We can now create a route to this upstream in Gloo by defining a Virtual Service:

apiVersion: gateway.solo.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: echo
  namespace: gloo-system
spec:
  virtualHost:
    domains:
      - "*"
    routes:
      - matchers:
          - prefix: /
        routeAction:
          single:
            upstream:
              name: echo
              namespace: gloo-system

We can apply these resources with the following commands:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/solo-io/gloo-ref-arch/blog-30-mar-20/platform/prog-delivery/two-phased-with-os-gloo/1-setup/upstream.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/solo-io/gloo-ref-arch/blog-30-mar-20/platform/prog-delivery/two-phased-with-os-gloo/1-setup/vs.yaml

Once we apply these two resources, we can start to send traffic to the application through Gloo:

➜ curl $(glooctl proxy url)/
version:v1

Our setup is complete, and our cluster now looks like this:

Setup

Two-Phased Rollout Strategy

Now we have a new version v2 of the echo application that we wish to roll out. We know that when the rollout is complete, we are going to end up with this picture:

End State

However, to get there, we may want to perform a few rounds of testing to ensure the new version of the application meets certain correctness and/or performance acceptance criteria. In this post, we'll introduce a two-phased approach to canary rollout with Gloo, that could be used to satisfy the vast majority of acceptance tests.

In the first phase, we'll perform smoke and correctness tests by routing a small segment of the traffic to the new version of the application. In this demo, we'll use a header stage: canary to trigger routing to the new service, though in practice it may be desirable to make this decision based on another part of the request, such as a claim in a verified JWT.

In the second phase, we've already established correctness, so we are ready to shift all of the traffic over to the new version of the application. We'll configure weighted destinations, and shift the traffic while monitoring certain business metrics to ensure the service quality remains at acceptable levels. Once 100% of the traffic is shifted to the new version, the old version can be decommissioned.

In practice, it may be desirable to only use one of the phases for testing, in which case the other phase can be skipped.

Phase 1: Initial canary rollout of v2

In this phase, we'll deploy v2, and then use a header stage: canary to start routing a small amount of specific traffic to the new version. We'll use this header to perform some basic smoke testing and make sure v2 is working the way we'd expect:

Subset Routing

Setting up subset routing

Before deploying our v2 service, we'll update our virtual service to only route to pods that have the subset label version: v1, using a Gloo feature called subset routing.

apiVersion: gateway.solo.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: echo
  namespace: gloo-system
spec:
  virtualHost:
    domains:
      - "*"
    routes:
      - matchers:
          - prefix: /
        routeAction:
          single:
            upstream:
              name: echo
              namespace: gloo-system
            subset:
              values:
                version: v1

We can apply them to the cluster with the following commands:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/solo-io/gloo-ref-arch/blog-30-mar-20/platform/prog-delivery/two-phased-with-os-gloo/2-initial-subset-routing-to-v2/vs-1.yaml

The application should continue to function as before:

➜ curl $(glooctl proxy url)/
version:v1

Deploying echo v2

Now we can safely deploy v2 of the echo application:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: echo-v2
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: echo
      version: v2
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: echo
        version: v2
    spec:
      containers:
        - image: hashicorp/http-echo
          args:
            - "-text=version:v2"
            - -listen=:8080
          imagePullPolicy: Always
          name: echo-v2
          ports:
            - containerPort: 8080

We can deploy with the following command:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/solo-io/gloo-ref-arch/blog-30-mar-20/platform/prog-delivery/two-phased-with-os-gloo/2-initial-subset-routing-to-v2/echo-v2.yaml

Since our gateway is configured to route specifically to the v1 subset, this should have no effect. However, it does enable v2 to be routable from the gateway if the v2 subset is configured for a route.

Make sure v2 is running before moving on:

➜ kubectl get pod -n echo
NAME                       READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
echo-v1-66dbfffb79-2qw86   1/1     Running   0          5m25s
echo-v2-86584fbbdb-slp44   1/1     Running   0          93s

The application should continue to function as before:

➜ curl $(glooctl proxy url)/
version:v1

Adding a route to v2 for canary testing

We'll route to the v2 subset when the stage: canary header is supplied on the request. If the header isn't provided, we'll continue to route to the v1 subset as before.

apiVersion: gateway.solo.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: echo
  namespace: gloo-system
spec:
  virtualHost:
    domains:
      - "*"
    routes:
      - matchers:
          - headers:
              - name: stage
                value: canary
            prefix: /
        routeAction:
          single:
            upstream:
              name: echo
              namespace: gloo-system
            subset:
              values:
                version: v2
      - matchers:
          - prefix: /
        routeAction:
          single:
            upstream:
              name: echo
              namespace: gloo-system
            subset:
              values:
                version: v1

We can deploy with the following command:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/solo-io/gloo-ref-arch/blog-30-mar-20/platform/prog-delivery/two-phased-with-os-gloo/2-initial-subset-routing-to-v2/vs-2.yaml

Canary testing

Now that we have this route, we can do some testing. First let's ensure that the existing route is working as expected:

➜ curl $(glooctl proxy url)/
version:v1

And now we can start to canary test our new application version:

➜ curl $(glooctl proxy url)/ -H "stage: canary"
version:v2

Advanced use cases for subset routing

We may decide that this approach, using user-provided request headers, is too open. Instead, we may want to restrict canary testing to a known, authorized user.

A common implementation of this that we've seen is for the canary route to require a valid JWT that contains a specific claim to indicate the subject is authorized for canary testing. Enterprise Gloo has out of the box support for verifying JWTs, updating the request headers based on the JWT claims, and recomputing the routing destination based on the updated headers. We'll save that for a future post covering more advanced use cases in canary testing.

Phase 2: Shifting all traffic to v2 and decommissioning v1

At this point, we've deployed v2, and created a route for canary testing. If we are satisfied with the results of the testing, we can move on to phase 2 and start shifting the load from v1 to v2. We'll use weighted destinations in Gloo to manage the load during the migration.

Setting up the weighted destinations

We can change the Gloo route to route to both of these destinations, with weights to decide how much of the traffic should go to the v1 versus the v2 subset. To start, we're going to set it up so 100% of the traffic continues to get routed to the v1 subset, unless the stage: canary header was provided as before.

apiVersion: gateway.solo.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: echo
  namespace: gloo-system
spec:
  virtualHost:
    domains:
      - "*"
    routes:
      # We'll keep our route from before if we want to continue testing with this header
      - matchers:
          - headers:
              - name: stage
                value: canary
            prefix: /
        routeAction:
          single:
            upstream:
              name: echo
              namespace: gloo-system
            subset:
              values:
                version: v2
      # Now we'll route the rest of the traffic to the upstream, load balanced across the two subsets.
      - matchers:
          - prefix: /
        routeAction:
          multi:
            destinations:
              - destination:
                  upstream:
                    name: echo
                    namespace: gloo-system
                  subset:
                    values:
                      version: v1
                weight: 100
              - destination:
                  upstream:
                    name: echo
                    namespace: gloo-system
                  subset:
                    values:
                      version: v2
                weight: 0

We can apply this virtual service update to the cluster with the following commands:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/solo-io/gloo-ref-arch/blog-30-mar-20/platform/prog-delivery/two-phased-with-os-gloo/3-progressive-traffic-shift-to-v2/vs-1.yaml

Now the cluster looks like this, for any request that doesn't have the stage: canary header:

Initialize Traffic Shift

With the initial weights, we should see the gateway continue to serve v1 for all traffic.

➜ curl $(glooctl proxy url)/
version:v1

Commence rollout

To simulate a load test, let's shift half the traffic to v2:

Load Test

This can be expressed on our virtual service by adjusting the weights:

apiVersion: gateway.solo.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: echo
  namespace: gloo-system
spec:
  virtualHost:
    domains:
      - "*"
    routes:
      - matchers:
          - headers:
              - name: stage
                value: canary
            prefix: /
        routeAction:
          single:
            upstream:
              name: echo
              namespace: gloo-system
            subset:
              values:
                version: v2
      - matchers:
          - prefix: /
        routeAction:
          multi:
            destinations:
              - destination:
                  upstream:
                    name: echo
                    namespace: gloo-system
                  subset:
                    values:
                      version: v1
                # Update the weight so 50% of the traffic hits v1
                weight: 50
              - destination:
                  upstream:
                    name: echo
                    namespace: gloo-system
                  subset:
                    values:
                      version: v2
                # And 50% is routed to v2
                weight: 50

We can apply this to the cluster with the following command:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/solo-io/gloo-ref-arch/blog-30-mar-20/platform/prog-delivery/two-phased-with-os-gloo/3-progressive-traffic-shift-to-v2/vs-2.yaml

Now when we send traffic to the gateway, we should see half of the requests return version:v1 and the other half return version:v2.

➜ curl $(glooctl proxy url)/
version:v1
➜ curl $(glooctl proxy url)/
version:v2
➜ curl $(glooctl proxy url)/
version:v1

In practice, during this process it's likely you'll be monitoring some performance and business metrics to ensure the traffic shift isn't resulting in a decline in the overall quality of service. We can even leverage operators like Flagger to help automate this Gloo workflow. Gloo Enterprise integrates with your metrics backend and provides out of the box and dynamic, upstream-based dashboards that can be used to monitor the health of the rollout. We will save these topics for a future post on advanced canary testing use cases with Gloo.

Finishing the rollout

We will continue adjusting weights until eventually, all of the traffic is now being routed to v2:

Final Shift

Our virtual service will look like this:

apiVersion: gateway.solo.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: echo
  namespace: gloo-system
spec:
  virtualHost:
    domains:
      - "*"
    routes:
      - matchers:
          - headers:
              - name: stage
                value: canary
            prefix: /
        routeAction:
          single:
            upstream:
              name: echo
              namespace: gloo-system
            subset:
              values:
                version: v2
      - matchers:
          - prefix: /
        routeAction:
          multi:
            destinations:
              - destination:
                  upstream:
                    name: echo
                    namespace: gloo-system
                  subset:
                    values:
                      version: v1
                # No traffic will be sent to v1 anymore
                weight: 0
              - destination:
                  upstream:
                    name: echo
                    namespace: gloo-system
                  subset:
                    values:
                      version: v2
                # Now all the traffic will be routed to v2
                weight: 100

We can apply that to the cluster with the following command:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/solo-io/gloo-ref-arch/blog-30-mar-20/platform/prog-delivery/two-phased-with-os-gloo/3-progressive-traffic-shift-to-v2/vs-3.yaml

Now when we send traffic to the gateway, we should see all of the requests return version:v2.

➜ curl $(glooctl proxy url)/
version:v2
➜ curl $(glooctl proxy url)/
version:v2
➜ curl $(glooctl proxy url)/
version:v2

Decommissioning v1

At this point, we have deployed the new version of our application, conducted correctness tests using subset routing, conducted load and performance tests by progressively shifting traffic to the new version, and finished the rollout. The only remaining task is to clean up our v1 resources.

First, we'll clean up our routes. We'll leave the subset specified on the route so we are all setup for future upgrades.

apiVersion: gateway.solo.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: echo
  namespace: gloo-system
spec:
  virtualHost:
    domains:
      - "*"
    routes:
      - matchers:
          - prefix: /
        routeAction:
          single:
            upstream:
              name: echo
              namespace: gloo-system
            subset:
              values:
                version: v2

We can apply this update with the following command:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/solo-io/gloo-ref-arch/blog-30-mar-20/platform/prog-delivery/two-phased-with-os-gloo/4-decommissioning-v1/vs.yaml

And we can delete the v1 deployment, which is no longer serving any traffic.

kubectl delete deploy -n echo echo-v1

Now our cluster looks like this: